The Kingdom, which will be called Kush, will last there for more than nine centuries. Rulers of Nubia establish a new kingdom at Meroe. Ptolemy becomes the first ruler of a dynasty that will control Egypt until 283 BCE. Axum eventually becomes the nation of Ethiopia.Īncient Nok culture emerges in what is now Nigeria.Įgypt is conquered by Alexander the Great. Nubian Pharaohs rule the entire Nile Valley during the 25th Dynasty.īantu-speakers arrive in what is now South Africa with iron and domesticated cattle.īeginning of the trans-Saharan salt and gold trade in West Africa.Īxum emerges in Northeastern Africa. Nubia briefly regains its independence from Egypt.īantu migration out of present-day eastern Nigeria spreads across Sub-Saharan Africa. Nubian state with its capital at Kerma emerges as a rival to Egypt.Įgyptian New Kingdom unites the Nile Valley including Nubia. Other civilizations emerge in Mesopotamia, northern China, Northeastern India. Period of the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom of Ancient Egypt and Northeastern Africa. This is the first evidence of written texts anywhere in the world.Įgypt emerges as a centralized state and flourishing civilization. Agricultural surpluses and growing wealth allow specialization including glass making, pottery, metallurgy, weaving, woodworking, leather making, and masonry.Įgyptians begin using burial texts to accompany their dead into the afterlife. The rise in the food supply generates a rapidly increasing population. River societies emerge along the Nile, Niger, and Congo Rivers.Įgyptian agriculturalists develop irrigation and animal husbandry to transform the lower Nile Valley. Period of migration across the African continent and out of Africa to Asia and Europe. Hominid species Australopithicus afarensis lived in the Hadar region of Ethiopia, including "Lucy," the famous skeletal remains found in 1974. Skeletal remains uncovered suggest the Rift Valley in East Africa is home to the earliest human ancestors.
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